Paternoster, R. (1991). Capital punishment in America (p. 20). New York

Perspective of the Death Penalty.

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Paternoster, R. (1991). Capital punishment in America (p. 20). New York: Lexington Books.

The book examines the death penalty in the United States based on the history of capital punishment, American Supreme Court decisions to upheld such executions, the public attitude towards the death penalty, and deterrence effectiveness. The analysis states that sentences of life imprisonment without parole should replace capital punishment. Moreover, victims’ survivors should be entitled to compulsory financial restitution. The book goes into detail about the history of death penalties and the relative infrequency of its application. The attempts of lawyers who in the 1960s and 1970s pushed the Supreme Court of the United States to review and abolish capital punishment are elaborated based on the Court’s decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia. According to the investigative reports by Paternoster (1991), capital punishment heavily discriminates against African American, in that the vast majority of death penalties are arbitrarily orchestrated. The report further suggests that it is more expensive to conduct capital punishment on criminals than serving life imprisonment sentences.

The vast majority of the United States citizens would opt to abolish death penalties if there were some other significant options. In conclusion, the reports emphasize that replacing death sentences with serving life jail terms with no possibility for parole, and restituting victims’ families can facilitate brutal punishment and public protection, at the same time, ensuring that innocent people are protected from execution. In other words, this article elaborates on the importance of eliminating capital punishment. It would be better for nations of the world to consider giving criminals who involve themselves in capital offenses a life imprisonment sentence with no parole. Otherwise, it means that the governments are serving so hard to protect the lives of innocent civilians, and at the same time, they re-offend by enforcing capital crimes.

Falco, D. L., & Freiburger, T. L. (2011). Public Opinion and the Death Penalty: A Qualitative Approach. Qualitative Report, 16(3), 830-847.

According to this book, the top reason why the United States still practices capital punishment in American criminal justice policy as a disciplinary policy is the massive public support of death penalties. Henceforth, it is of great importance to evaluate measures of capital punishment to be rigorously looked over. For the last several decades, the United States correctional policy has emphasized getting a tough proposition concerning crimes and their respective punishment. For the nation to be considered ruthless on offense, both the Democrats and Republican representatives have repeatedly championed policies that heighten the sentence given to capital offenders. In the United States, the death penalty is arguably the most punitive type of punishment. The death penalty is somewhat different from other types of punishment, such as jail terms, and it mobilizes opposition is continuously fighting to eliminate it or rather question its effectualness. The justice system, lawmakers, judges, politicians, and social activists’ groups in various parts of the United States examine the public view on the death penalty to enforce the continuation of its application.

The primary reason capital punishment is still applied as a form of disciplinary policy in the United States criminal justice system is arguably the strong public support. According to Falco & Freiburger (2011), there are at least five ways in which the general public directly or indirectly influences the death penalty. First, legislators can be swayed by massive public support to enact capital punishment and contrary to any statutes seeking its repeal. Secondly, it possible for prosecute to use capital punishment as their political tool instead of legal purposes. Thirdly, public opinion may force the judges to uphold capital sentences on appeal. Also, there little or no chance that state governors can veto death penalty legislation based on their worry for not to be re-elected. Lastly, the Supreme Court justices, both in the states and federal government, are the most significant as they examine support for capital punishment as the standard quantifier for “evolving standards of decency” to make a decision on whether the capital punishment transgresses the American Constitution concerning cruel and unusual punishment clauses.

Ouwerkerk, J. W., Kerr, N. L., Gallucci, M., & Van Lange, P. A. (2005). Avoiding the social death penalty: Ostracism and cooperation in social dilemmas. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying, 321-332.

The Athenian majority rules system has been portrayed as remarkable stable. A protected defend named Ostrakismos, which started around 500 B.C., was at any rate mostly answerable for this soundness. Each winter, the residents of Athens chose all in all by projecting votes (composed on shards of ceramics or ostraca) regardless of whether to exile individuals who had attempted to turn out to be excessively incredible or rich. At the point when an individual got 6000 votes or more, he was banished for a time of ten years. Strangely, in many years the Athenian residents decided not to practice the intensity of outcast, along these lines proposing that the simple danger of exclusion was an adequate obstruction for voracious conduct.

Following the idea, the article contends that in the current part that a danger of shunning (just as genuine segregation scenes) may have a significant capacity – stifling uncooperative conduct that is unsafe to a gathering and its individuals. For this reason, it focuses on auditing a portion of our exploration programs that exhibit beneficial outcomes of (the danger of) shunning on agreeable conduct in social problems (in circumstances which are portrayed by contention among individual and aggregate interests). Moreover, it recommends that individuals have transparent standard practices endorsing participation in gatherings and show that they will probably shun uncooperative people. Indeed, they experience pernicious joy while doing as such. It concludes up talking about the conceivable significant part of segregation in the advancement of participation.

Should We Abolish the Death Penalty? (Published 2019). Nytimes.com. (2020). Retrieved 10 October 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/20/learning/should-we-abolish-the-death-penalty.html.

In the year 2018, the number of prisoners who had fallen victims to capital punishment was 25 individuals, and over 2700 inmates still do not know their fate as they remain on “death row.” The United States is one of the 56 countries globally that viciously encourages and practices the execution of criminals who commit capital crimes. According to the article, Gov. Gavin Newson made public announcements concerning a moratorium on the death penalty in California. The most critical question that is continuously sparkling in the American people’s minds is, should the United States ban capital punishment? Is the death penalty justifiable like other heinous crimes? The article further questions the process and calls for its suspension for some apparent reasons. It states that it is costly to administer death penalties, not to mention some unfairly conducted penalties.

Following the upholding of laws abolishing the death penalty in California, the state suspended 737 inmates’ execution. These numbers were the largest in the whole of the Western Hemisphere. The decision came with a lot of support and objection from various groups in the United States. The governor of California, in his defense, insisted that they do not put things rights by re-offending. Perhaps, people can look at the decision more critically, as an eye for an eye I never a good idea. In simple terms, if one kills, there are always other ways of coming to terms with whatever happened; we are liberal and way far too better than criminals committing capital offenses. As per the article, the governor was critical of signing the execution of capital offenders based on the fact that there will be innocent human beings who will suffer as a result. The opposing side holds that indeed the governor violated California residents’ rights by abolishing the death penalty. They insisted that the California residents had many chances to reverse capital punishments, but they opted not to abolish it.

Latzer, B. (2010). Death penalty cases: Leading U.S. Supreme Court cases on capital punishment. Elsevier.

The book discusses the history of capital punishment, death penalties, and the leading cases on capital punishment. As per the book, the term “capital” refers to antiquity and is derived from the Latin word “caput” meaning “head. Therefore, capital punishment means it is an execution method that involves beheading the capital offender. Originally, death penalties were the idea and exercise practiced in the United Kingdom, but later, the American colonies adopted the method in the 17th and 18th centuries. The legal system of the United Kingdom had not fully developed and placed a substantial dependency on capital punishment as opposed to the concept of imprisoning persons for a given period. The idea of jailing people came towards the end of the 1700s.

Latzer (2010) holds that capital punishment has dramatically heightened in the United States significantly for almost four centuries now. It has led to a massive or preferably more than 20,000 executions. However, the article also cites that there have been some drastic changes concerning penalty overtime. The book further explains the forces behind the constitutionalizing of the death penalty in the United States. Up to the mid-20th century, capital punishment was imposed by hanging capital offenders in a solemn occasion that everyone in the area had to see. Executing people on the public was meant to offer justice to the victims and scare the public not to engage in capital crimes. Before the execution, the practice gave the offenders a chance to seek forgiveness, thus gaining salvation before they die. In all the undertakings, victims were allowed to speak. Hanging was also accompanied by hymn singing, or instead, it was somewhat a quasi-religious occasion. Being serious and dignified on matters concerning capital offenses backed a sense of society and inspired ordinary civilians with the law’s incredible power.